Heat-related illness can affect you as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. This article is about heat exhaustion caused by hard exercise or strenuous work in a hot environment.

What is exercise-related heat exhaustion?

Exercise-related heat exhaustion is an illness caused by getting too hot when you exercise. During heat exhaustion, your body temperature rises above normal.

Your brain usually keeps your body temperature within a degree or two of 98.6°F (37°C). This temperature control is important because many processes in your body only work well within a certain range of temperatures.

Your body has several ways to lower your body temperature when it gets too high. Your body can cool itself by sweating. When sweat evaporates, it lowers your temperature. Your body can also lower the temperature by sending more blood to your skin and to your arms, legs, and head. This lets more heat escape. If your body can't get rid of the extra heat, your body temperature will rise. In heat exhaustion, your body temperature may rise to 101°F (38.3°C) to 104°F (40°C). This can make you feel weak and dizzy. Your heart may not be able to pump enough blood. This can make you collapse.

Heat exhaustion is less serious than heatstroke, another heat-related illness. But heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke if it's not recognized and treated. In heatstroke, your body temperature rises even higher. This stops basic processes in your body, including sweating. This can cause serious problems, including death.

Unfortunately, heat exhaustion is common. In the U.S., exercise-related heat exhaustion is a common problem in athletes, especially football players. It's also common in military recruits in basic training.

What causes exercise-related heat exhaustion?

Exercise-related heat exhaustion happens when your body can no longer get rid of the extra heat made during exercise and your body temperature rises more than is healthy. Not drinking enough fluids during exercise can also cause dehydration. Together, these things can make you collapse.

Exercising outdoors on a hot day can cause heat exhaustion. But humidity also plays a large role. When the humidity is high, your body can’t use sweat to cool itself. This robs your body of one of the most important ways of getting rid of extra heat.

Many other things can make it harder for your body to get rid of extra heat. These include:

Being in poor physical shape
Having an infection
Being dehydrated
Using alcohol before exercising
Being obese
Not being used to a hot environment
Taking certain medicines such as stimulants, antihistamines, and medicines for epilepsy
Having certain medical conditions, like sickle cell disease or conditions that decrease sweat
Having a chronic illness

Who is at risk for heat exhaustion?

These groups may be more likely to get heat exhaustion when exercising in hot, humid conditions:

Adults older than 65
Young children
People who grew up in more temperate climates

Adults older than 65 and young children have a higher risk for heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses because their bodies can't cool down as easily as those of older children and younger adults.

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

The main symptom of heat exhaustion is a body temperature of 101°F (38.3°C) to 104°F (40°C). Some symptoms may be warning signs that heat exhaustion is about to happen. Symptoms may vary depending on the how serious the heat exhaustion is. Signs and symptoms may include:

Rapid heartbeat
Fast breathing
Heavy sweating
Pale skin
Dizziness, lightheadedness
Fainting
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Headache
Weakness or tiredness
Muscle cramps
Mild, temporary confusion
Low blood pressure
Irritability
Dehydration
Problems coordinating movement

Unlike heatstroke, heat exhaustion doesn't cause significant brain or thinking problems, such as delirium, agitation, unconsciousness, or coma.

How is heat exhaustion diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask you about your health history. This includes your recent symptoms and your past health conditions. You will also need a medical exam. This exam may give your healthcare provider other clues about whether you have heat exhaustion. In some cases, the provider might need to rule out other causes of high temperature, like an infection or a response to a medicine.

Heat exhaustion doesn't cause health complications, like damage to organs or brain or thinking problems. If you have these problems, you may have another heat-related illness like heatstroke. In some cases, your provider may run tests to check for these complications. These tests might include:

Blood tests to look at electrolyte levels and check for infection
Drug panels to check for a medicine-related cause of high temperature
Blood and urine tests to see how well your kidneys and liver are working
Chest X-ray to check your lungs
Electrocardiogram (ECG) to check your heart rhythm

A healthcare provider trained in emergency care usually diagnoses heat exhaustion. This might take place on the athletic field or at a hospital.

How is heat exhaustion treated?

You may be first treated at the place where you had the symptoms, such as an athletic field. These are common ways of treating heat exhaustion:

Stopping the activity and moving to a cooler, shaded area
Raising your legs to a level above your head
Taking off any extra clothing and equipment
Cooling off until your temperature goes down. Oral thermometers and other ways to measure temperature are not accurate. Emergency medical personnel may measure temperature rectally. Until emergency medical personnel arrive, you should cool off until you start to shiver. This might involve soaking in cool water, spraying yourself with water, or sitting in front of a fan. Shivering generates more heat and should be avoided.
Drinking sips of cool water or a sports drink if you can drink, are not confused, and are not nauseated. If you are being treated at a hospital, the staff may give you IV (intravenous) fluids.
Monitoring your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and mental status

Many people will get better within an hour or two of treatment. If you don't get better quickly, go to the emergency room. There you will be checked for more serious problems.

What are possible complications of heat exhaustion?

On its own, heat exhaustion doesn't usually cause complications. If you have severe dehydration along with heat exhaustion, you may have problems like kidney damage or low blood pressure.

If not treated, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke. Heat stroke is a condition in which your body temperature rises even higher. This can lead to serious problems such as:

Lung problems like pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome
Heart injury and heart failure
Seizures
Muscle breakdown
Kidney injury
Liver injury
Blood clotting problems
Death

What can I do to prevent heat exhaustion?

You can take steps to help prevent heat exhaustion:

If you exercise in hot, humid environments, take breaks often. Try to exercise in the early morning or late evening when it's generally cooler than the middle of the day.
Stay inside when the temperature is very high. If you must go outside, wear a hat, use sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher), and take frequent breaks to drink water.
Get plenty of fluids while you exercise.
Wear lightweight, loose clothing.
Stop exercising or get yourself out of the hot environment at the first warning signs of heat-related illness.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call 911 to get immediate medical attention if you have more serious symptoms from a heat-related illness, like a seizure or delirium.

Someone should get medical help for you right away if they suspect you have heat exhaustion. Take steps to keep cool until medical help gets there.

Key points about exercise-related heat exhaustion

Exercise-related heat exhaustion is an illness caused by getting too hot while exercising.
During heat exhaustion, your body temperature rises above normal.
Heat exhaustion is less serious than other heat-related illnesses, like heatstroke. But it can progress to heatstroke.
Some symptoms of heat exhaustion include nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, and sweating more than normal.
Treatment for heat exhaustion involves lowering your body temperature and getting more fluids.

Exercise-Related Heat Exhaustion